Energy Efficient Computing

Energy%20efficient%20enterprise%20computing

Energy is the limiting resource in a huge range of computing systems, from embedded sensors to mobile phones to data centers. We research how to design and build computer systems to manage energy and minimize its consumption. This work includes wireless sensing deployments to measure where energy goes in building-scale computer system, software techniques to track energy at microjoule accuracy on embedded systems, and operating systems for phones that make energy a first-class abstraction. Computing systems account for at least 13% of the electricity use of office buildings. This translates to about 2% of the electricity consumption of the entire US or the equivalent of the State of New Jersey! As computing becomes pervasive, making these systems more efficient is an opportunity to reduce operational costs and have a positive environmental impact. Unfortunately, current understanding of energy consumption in office buildings is too limited and coarse-grained. Without better visibility into how electricity is spent and how much of it is wasted, it is difficult to find ways to reduce it. Powernet - a multi-year power and utilization study of the computing infrastructure in the Computer Science Department at Stanford University - begins to address the visibility problem in one building. Powernet's data is collected via a large network of plug-level wireless power meters and software sensor that cover a significant portion of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th floors of the Gates building at Stanford. We use the data insights from Powernet to propose a novel system architecture for office computing, Anyware. To save energy, Anyware leverages two observations. First, higher power draw does not translate to proportionally higher performance. Second, there is a range of resources one can have for a fixed power budget. Anyware's hybrid design splits workload execution between a local low-power client device and a virtual machine (VM) on a backend server. Applications that benefit from hardware optimizations, such as video and graphics, remain local; other tasks (document and picture editing, PDF viewing, etc.) are offloaded to the server. Cinder is a new operating system designed to make resource allocation, accounting, subdivision, and delegation explicit, making the system ideal for resource constrained systems like mobile devices and cellular phones. Cinder is based on HiStar. The Cinder kernel runs on both amd64 and ARM architectures. Our current prototype mobile platform is the HTC Dream cellular phone (the Google G1), which presently supports basic functionality including mobile data access.

People

Sub-project pages

Powernet
Cinder
Anyware

Publications

Software defined grid energy storage. Sonia Martin, Nicholas Mosier, Obi Nnorom, Yancheng Ou, Liana Patel, Oskar Triebe, Gustavo Cezar, Philip Levis, Ram Rajagopal. In BuildSys '22: Proceedings of the 9th ACM International Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Buildings, Cities, and Transportation, 2022.			WWW	Paper
GRIP: A Graph Neural Network Accelerator Architecture. Kevin Kiningham, Philip Levis, and Christopher Re. In IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS, 2022.			WWW	Paper
Tighten Rust’s Belt: Shrinking Embedded Rust Binaries. Hudson Ayers, Evan Laufer, Paul Mure, Jaehyeon Park, Eduardo Rodelo, Thea Rossman, Andrey Pronin, Philip Levis, Johnathan Van Why. In Proceedings of the 23rd ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED International Conference on Languages, Compilers, and Tools for Embedded Systems (LCTES 2022), 2022.			WWW	Paper
Power Clocks: Dynamic Multi-Clock Management for Embedded Systems. Holly Chiang, Hudson Ayers, Daniel B. Giffin, Amit Levy and Philip Levis. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Embedded Wireless Systems and Networks (EWSN 2021), 2021.			WWW
GReTA: Hardware Optimized Graph Processing for GNNs. Kevin Kiningham, Philip Levis, and Christopher Re. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Resource-Constrained Machine Learning (ReCoML 2020), 2020.		Slides	WWW	Paper
Falcon — A Flexible Architecture For Accelerating Cryptography. Kevin Kiningham, Philip Levis, Mark Anderson, Dan Boneh, Mark Horowitz, and Maurice Shih . In Proceedings of the The 16th IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Smart Systems (MASS '19), 2019.			WWW	Paper
Fonduer: Knowledge Base Construction from Richly Formatted Data. Sen Wu, Luke Hsiao, Xiao Cheng, Braden Hancock, Theodoros Rekatsinas, Philip Levis, and Christopher Ré. In Proceedings of 2018 ACM SIGMOD/PODS Conference on the Management of Data, 2018.		Slides	WWW	Paper
Tethys: Collecting Sensor Data Without Infrastructure or Trust. Holly Chiang, James Hong, Kevin Kiningham, Laurynas Riliskis, Philip Levis, and Mark Horowitz. In Proceedings of the 3rd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things Design and Implementation (IoTDI), 2018.			WWW	Paper
Multiprogramming a 64 kB Computer Safely and Efficiently. Amit Levy and Bradford Campbell and Branden Ghena and Daniel Giffin and Pat Pannuto and Prabal Dutta and Philip Levis. In Proceedings of the 26th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP 2017), 2017.	Data		WWW	Paper
The Case for Writing a Kernel in Rust. Amit Levy, Bradford Campbell, Branden Ghena, Pat Pannuto, Prabal Dutta, Philip Levis. In Proceedings of the Eighth ACM SIGOPS Asia-Pacific Workshop on Systems (APSys 2017), 2017.			WWW	Paper
Beetle: Flexible Communication for Bluetooth Low Energy. Amit Levy, James Hong, Laurynas Riliskis, Philip Levis, and Keith Winstein. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications and Services (MobiSys), 2016.		Slides	WWW	Paper
CESEL: Securing a Mote for 20 Years. Kevin Kiningham, Mark Horowitz, Philip Levis, and Dan Boneh. In Proceedings of the 13th European conference on Wireless sensor networks (EWSN 2016), 2016.			WWW	Paper
Ravel: Programming IoT Applications as Distributed Models, Views, and Controllers. Laurynas Riliskis, James Hong, and Philip Levis. In Proceedings of the 2015 International Workshop on Internet of Things towards Applications (IoT-App'15), 2015.			WWW	Paper
Ownership is Theft: Experiences Building an Embedded OS in Rust. Amit Levy, Michael P Andersen, Bradford Campbell, David Culler, Prabal Dutta, Branden Ghena, Philip Levis and Pat Pannuto. In Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Programming Languages and Operating Systems (PLOS 2015), 2015.		Slides	WWW	Paper
System Architecture Support for Green Enterprise Computing. Maria Kazandjieva, Chinmayee Shah, Ewen Cheslack-Postava, Behram Mistree, Philip Levis. In Proceedings 5th International Green Computing Conference (IGCC), 2014.		Slides	WWW	Paper
Measuring and Analyzing the Energy Use of Enterprise Computing Systems. Maria Kazandjieva, Omprakash Gnawali, Philip Levis, and Christos Kozyrakis. In Journal of Sustainable Couputing, 2013.		Slides	WWW	Paper
Green Enterprise Computing Data: Assumptions and Realities. Maria Kazandjieva, Brandon Heller, Omprakash Gnawali, Philip Levis, and Christos Kozyrakis. In Proceedings of the Third International Green Computing Conference (IGCC), 2012.	Data	Slides	WWW	Paper
Energy Management in Mobile Devices with the Cinder Operating System. Arjun Roy, Stephen Rumble, Ryan Stutsman, Philip Levis, David Mazieres, and Nickolai Zeldovich. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Systems (EuroSys 2011), 2011.			WWW	Paper
Energy Dumpster Diving. Maria Kazandjieva, Brandon Heller, Philip Levis, and Christos Kozyrakis. In Second Workshop on Power Aware Computing (HotPower), 2009.		Slides	WWW	Paper
Apprehending Joule Thieves with Cinder. Stephen Rumble, Ryan Stutsman, Philip Levis, David Mazieres, and Nickolai Zeldovich. In Proceedings of the First ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Networking, Systems, Applications on Mobile Handhelds (MobiHeld), 2009.		Slides	WWW	Paper
Quanto: Tracking Energy in Networked Embedded Systems. Rodrigo Fonseca, Prabal Dutta, Philip Levis, and Ion Stoica. In Proceedings of the Eighth USENIX Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation (OSDI), 2008.			WWW	Paper
Integrating Concurrency Control and Energy Management in Device Drivers. Kevin Klues, Vlado Handziski, Chenyang Lu, Adam Wolisz, David Culler, David Gay, and Philip Levis. In Proceedings of the 21st ACM Symposium on Operating System Principles (SOSP), 2007.		Slides	WWW	Paper
Policies for Dynamic Clock Scheduling. Dirk Grunwald, Philip Levis, Charles B. Morrey III, and Michael Neufeld. In Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation (OSDI), 2000.			WWW	Paper

Funding

This work was supported by the Department of Energy ARPA-E program under award number DE-AR0000018, generous gifts from DoCoMo Capital, the National Science Foundation under grants #0832820, #0831163, #0846014 and #0546630, the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Microsoft Research, scholarships from the Samsung Scholarship Foundation, a Stanford Graduate Fellowship and a Stanford Terman Fellowship.

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